An introduction to organic chemistry, biochemistry, and synthetic polymers 271 key ideas answers 8. Build the following molecules using the balland stick models and then predict the formula for the molecule and draw a sketch of the molecule. The simplest organic compounds are composed of carbon and hydrogen and are known as hydrocarbons. The ball and stick model shows five carbons singlebonded to each other in a pentagonal pattern, with each carbon singlebonded to 2 hydrogens. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. Sticks and springs fit into the holes to represent chemical bonds.
Newman projections for the different staggered conformations of butane are shown in the figure below. Chapter 17 an introduction to organic chemistry, biochemistry. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. Does the balland stick model look like the structural formula. This type of model has the advantage of showing how the atoms are. Carbon and hydrocarbons 627 figure 204 notice the space between layers in the balland stick model of graphite. When an small section of an organic molecule is largely responsible for the molecules. Name of molecule atoms in molecule predicted formula sketch of molecule water 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen ammonia 1 nitrogen 3 hydrogen carbon dioxide 1 carbon. Most organic molecules, including all alkanes, are not planar but are instead characterized by threedimensional structures. The mccannasealis the original top entry wedge seated ball valve. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Feb 14, 2020 an example of a hydrocarbon in the size range for lubricating oil is eicosane.
Models of ethene and methanal can be built with balland stick models by using flexible couplings or bent sticks to form the double bonds figure 22, but the hch angles are inaccurate because they are 109. Balland stick model lineangle formula condensed structural formula. Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are molecules that consist only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds most fuels are hydrocarbons ex. Improving students performance in naming and writing structural formulae of hydrocarbons using the balland stick models article pdf available january 2015 with 2,509 reads how we measure. Because of the sp 3 hybridization, the bond angles in carbon chains are close to 109. A kind of coalbased jet fuel was made out of coal direct liquefied oil. List the information that the balland stick model provides that the structural and molecular formulas do not. Pdf improving students performance in naming and writing. Observations activity 5 modeling hydrocarbons basic. Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are not identical are called conformers or isomers. Hydrocarbons compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen in which. What differences are there between the balland stick model of methane and the molecular and structural formulas above.
H h h h hh h hhh h h h h h h h h c h h h h h h h h h h h h h butane isobutane skeletons may be unbranched or branched. To study the relationship between the 3d models and the structural formulas of chemical compounds. The simplest example is benzene, c 6h 6, and as shown below all atoms lie on a plane with bond angles of 120 120. Available in regular port sizes from 1 2 through 20 and pressure classes from 150 to 1500, and in full port sizes ranging from 1 through 16 class 150 to 1500, the mccannasealhas proven itself successfulin over 43 years of severe service applications. Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of hydrocarbons in which atoms are arranged in a ring structure and are connected by. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon threedimensional structures.
Notice that the carbon atoms in the structural models the balland stick and spacefilling models of the pentane molecule do not lie in a straight line. Methane is part of a homologous series known as the alkanes, which contain single bonds only. This type of model has the advantage of showing how the atoms are connected and how they are arranged in space. Improving students performance in naming and writing structural formulae of hydrocarbons using the ball and stick models article pdf available january 2015 with 2,509 reads how we measure. Methane, for example, has the shape of a regular tetrahedron with carbon at the centre and a hydrogen atom at each corner. Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon c and hydrogen h. Place hydrogen atoms in all of the unoccupied posi tions on. The balland stick model demonstrates the geometry of the molecule clearly, but the spacefilling model gives a more realistic picture of what a molecule would look like if you could see it. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs. Extending the line with more and more vertices produces a longer carbon chain. Balland stick model spacefilling model c c the 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.
An introduction to organic chemistry, biochemistry. Students will also determine each compounds name, molecular, structural and condensed formulas. By building molecular models, chemists come to understand the bonding, shapes, and polarity of even the most complex molecules. Because of the importance of molecular structure in organic chemistry, we. Models and hydrocarbons chemists represent organic molecules in a variety of ways. Molview is an intuitive, opensource webapplication to make science and education more awesome. Elements making models of matter maria caballeria ies vilatzara 8 activity4. What differences are there between the ball and stick model. Petroleum petroleum is a mixture of several different hydrocarbons. Dec 05, 2014 n goalby 2 homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula.
Pictured are the lewis structures, ballandstick models, and spacefilling models for molecules of methane, ethane, and pentane. Modeling hydrocarbons basic hydrocarbons observation questions. Covalent bonds are represented by a single straight line, which denotes two shared electrons. In this kit, atoms are represented by colored wooden balls, drilled with holes. Keep in mind as you look at the models that the atoms are held closely together by electronsharing bonds. These line drawings show the six substituents on the c c bond as if the structure of the molecule was projected onto a piece of paper by shining a bright light along the c c bond in a balland stick model of the molecule.
Methane a has four ch bonds arranged tetrahedrally around a single carbon atom. The ball and stick model shows the number of atoms, bonding arrangements, and shapes. New aqa chemiistry trilogy building and comparing models. Hydrocarbon threedimensional structures britannica.
The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons. Based on gcms analysis,its hydrocarbon grouptype consists of 32% monocycloalkane,42. Modeling the shapes of simple organic compounds santa monica. The 3d representations and ball and stick models for. An information sheet and comparison table are also provided so that pupils can look at the advantages and disadvantages of using each representation of the alkanes. Notice that the carbon atoms in the structural models the ball and stick and spacefilling models of the pentane molecule do not lie in a straight line. To create models of structural and geometric isomers. H h h h ethane propane h h h h carbon skeletons vary in length.
Most of the hydrocarbons in petroleum belong to a family of compounds called the alkanes, in which all carbon atoms are linked by single bonds. A structural formula shows the general arrangement of atoms in the molecule but not the exact, threedimensional geometry. Build the following molecules using the ball and stick models and then predict the formula for the molecule and draw a sketch of the molecule. Hydrocarbons compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen in which all of the carboncarbon bonds are single bonds are called alkanes. Chapter 17 an introduction to organic chemistry, biochemistry, and synthetic polymers 271 key ideas answers 8. A ball and stick model can be used to show the structure of a simple molecule. Figure 22 ballandstick models of some simple organic molecules. Short sticks are used to represent single covalent bonds, while springs are. Explain that a balland stick model shows the angles between atoms in a molecule and the overall shape of the molecule. Hydrocarbon 1 hydrocarbon balland stick model of the methane molecule, ch 4. The ball and stick model shows four carbons singlebonded to each other in a square pattern, with each carbon singlebonded to 2 hydrogens. Models of ethene and methanal can be built with balland stick models by using flexible couplings or bent sticks to form the double bonds figure 22, but the hch. Each connector represents one pair of shared valence electrons, so you use two long connectors to make a double bond and three to make a triple bond. Use the longer gray connectors in your model kit to form double or triple bonds.
Graphite pencils mark on paper because adjacent layers can slide past each other. Organic compounds hydrocarbons chemistry libretexts. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which defines its physical and chemical properties, like colour and. Pupils can be shown molecular models of hydrocarbons or build them themselves before looking at various ways to represent molecules such as ball and stick, and space fill models. In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Mighty molecule building name national science teachers. To build balland stick models of hydrocarbon molecules. Ball and stick model of the icosane molecule residue asphalt hydrocarbons which are not boiled away remain after the distillation as hydrocarbons with more than 20 carbon atoms per molecule. Notice the two carbon chain that stems from the third carbon atom in the hexane structure. Improving students performance in naming and writing structural formulae of hydrocarbons using the ballandstick models. Balland stick models of alkane molecules which contain up to three carbon atoms are shown in fig. They show a gradual change in physical properties e.
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